A 2015 remediation project on an LNAPL-contaminated site compares different methods to measure NSZD rates.

The project concludes that among all methods tested for NSZD rate measurement, the CO₂ traps rank best in the areas of capital costs, data reliability, and ease of use.

This study also highlights the variable nature of short term soil gas fluxes and the importance and reliability of the radiocarbon correction on the total CO₂ fluxes to quantify NSZD rates.

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Repeated Surveys at a Field Site for Quantification of LNAPL Vertical Distributions

A field study started in 2023 to demonstrate the Clear-Well technology. Two locations were installed using a direct-push rig.

High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) of Vertical NAPL Distributions

A soil column was contaminated with LNAPL. Multiple cycles of water table levels were conducted, to generate a wide zone where the NAPL was observed.

Mobilization of NAPL as Thin Film (Sheens) at the Unsaturated Zone

A soil column was initially contaminated with LNAPL. After an initial survey was conducted, the water level was dropped.

Documenting Plant Root Growth

A soil column was surveyed multiple times a week using both white and UV lights (365 nm), after planting a basil plant on top.

Case Study: Taking an 85 year old railyard from enrollment in a voluntary cleanup to no further action in ≈one year.

This is an old 60 acre railyard in Oregon, USA. The site owner went into an agreement with the State Agency under the State Voluntary Cleanup Program.

Radiocarbon eliminates interferences in the measurement of contaminant biodegradation rates

Soil contamination results in significant changes in the soil microbial ecology. Petroleum contaminants, and related organic compounds such as those generated by forest fires, are naturally present in natural environments.

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Comparison of NSZD Characterization methods

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